Such breeds are known as twin-purpose (animal meat and you will eggs) types, regardless of if variations in adult system dimensions exists (Table step one)

The goal of which tasks are to analyze the effect away from breed and you may many years into the eggs development and also the eggs external and you may internal high quality during the five Italian dual-goal breeds , in the beginning and lots of months later on than very first weeks putting hobby one occurred, respectively, after june/beginning of autumn plus in cold temperatures, below varying environmental criteria.

2.step one. Pet and you will Rearing Requirements

Five Italian poultry breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and Robusta Lionata (RL), had been believed on the investigation. The body lbs out-of adult females is step one.twenty five kilogram from inside the PP, 2.31 kilogram inside Er and you may step three.05 kg in the RM and you can RL. The provider ‘s the Veneto https://gorgeousbrides.net/sv/blog/kvinnor-som-soker-aldre-man/ part (Italy): PP is actually an old regional reproduce; the provider is actually dated back into the new XIX century, but zero perfect study for the their hereditary source occur. Additional types were created within the Veneto into the 1950s: the new Er breed comes from Sussex (shaded eggshell breed) and you will Rhode Island (brown eggshell breed) breeds, whereas for the RM and you may RL breeds, Brownish Orpington and you may Light The united states, a couple brown eggshell breeds were utilized . Also the adult body weight, these types disagree inside their plumage colour: it is wonderful inside PP, Er reveals erminate plumage, RM plumage try predominantly light that have black colored extremities in several regions of your own system, black colored feathers away from primaries and you can end and you may RL suggests an excellent tawny plumage that have black feathers out-of primaries and tail. The breeds (Shape S1) inform you unmarried comb and you may place tinted eggshell eggs (Contour S2).

2. Materials and methods

Wild birds off for each and every breed hatched meanwhile (second half out-of age farm of your Center to have Chicken Biodiversity Preservation regarding the Veneto area (they regularly provides for this new rearing of them types as well when it comes to eggs production for incubation and you can brooding), from inside the North Italy (45°02?53? N), off hatching with the pubertal many years and regarding putting several months, and therefore started regarding the end regarding june on start of autumn (Figure step 1), depending on the reproduce. Eating, rearing requirements (photoperiod, temperature) and you may prophylaxis methods was basically a comparable into four breeds, since that time out of hatching toward prevent of one’s analyzed several months, that has been for the , at 53 days of age. The brand new freshly hatched chicks have been leftover indoors during the first cuatro days out-of life, at the an environmental temperature coming down out-of 32 to 24 °C, around infra-red radiation lights, on litter. From the step one.5 days of age, the fresh wild birds got 100 % free entry to outside spaces, from spring season so you can autumn and you will winter months. For every single reproduce (60 hens) got free the means to access backyard (5 meters dos /bird) space (equipped with linear drinkers), in which the hens stayed all the time, and to indoor (4 hens/meters 2 ) area (timber shavings and you may straw litter, which have perches and game feeders), mainly utilized having installing egg (collective nests) as well as night; the bedroom (indoor and you will outdoor) open to for each breed was separated of the netting.

At the beginning of laying (around 22 months old towards reproduce having prior to start of putting), when you look at the September–October, with regards to the reproduce, this new photoperiod is natural and you will decreasing, according to the seasons as well as the geographic position of demo station when you look at the North Italy (normally, 12L:12D), and also for the 2nd months (out-of 38 weeks old, out-of December so you’re able to 53 weeks old), fake light is slowly improved (in the interior room, filament-based light bulb, on 60 lux) to locate a photoperiod out of 14L:10D. The latest photoperiod is controlled from the a timekeeper, and it was attained by flipping on the fresh new light one hour ahead of dawn and turning off it an hour after sundown. The newest external ecological heat was 10 ± step three.cuatro °C and you can 11 ± step 3.0 °C, respectively, on basic (right from the start off October to your avoid off November) and also the next (right from the start out of January into stop out of March) putting symptoms, in the event the investigation on the produce show and you will eggs high quality was basically built-up. The fresh new animals received offer libitum commercial feeds based on the psychological phase (three diversified industrial feeds for the increasing period). Towards the very first putting stage (26–33 weeks of age, under coming down sheer photoperiod), in the event that breeds come laying, the latest wild birds received a professional pelleted supply (PG = 16%, Me personally = eleven.8 MJ/kilogram, Ca = step 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you can maize (PG = 9.1%, Me personally = thirteen.seven MJ/kg), at the a proportion of just one:step 1. It is really worth remembering you to definitely, at this decades, just the twin-mission and you may shaded eggshell types displayed an adjustable start of installing and egg creation rates, whereas the new hens of the most other breeds of the latest Conservation Heart to own Biodiversity and you will hatched meanwhile of one’s studied types, like the light eggshell breeds, failed to start laying (Padovana reproduce) or it presented a highly light laying pastime (Polverara reproduce), never reaching the endurance away from ten% hen–day eggs design. The reason behind the choice of the fresh new Preservation Heart, not to ever use a rss feed for installing hens throughout the this era, is actually on account of not pressuring brand new pullets to help you egg manufacturing while in the a season with coming down temperature and you can photoperiod. The newest birds expanded outdoors, not as much as favorable conditions to possess skeletal wellness, travelling crushed and you can less than solar rays. Regarding back yard for each reproduce, the clear presence of lawn available to brand new wild birds is actually highest through the the fresh new growing period than simply on start of installing, and this took place following summer time, in the event that rain try scarce and don’t support good yard regrowth. Away from 38 to 53 months old, and you can below growing photoperiod, the fresh new hens was in fact fed a commercial pelleted supply to own putting (PG = 16%, Me = 11.5 MJ/kg, Ca = 4.2%, P = 0.6%). All of the feeds consisted mainly off maize and you can soybean.

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